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A '''prison consultant''' is a professional who provides advisory services to individuals facing criminal charges, sentencing, or incarceration.  
A '''prison consultant''' advises a defendant on how to prepare for federal incarceration. The work sits next to the lawyer's work, not inside it. A defense attorney handles the case in court. A consultant handles everything the case leaves behind: the presentence interview, the request for a particular facility, eligibility for drug treatment, the day a person walks through the gate to surrender.


Prison consultants offer guidance on navigating the criminal justice system, preparing for imprisonment, and managing life during and after incarceration. Consultants often work alongside criminal defense attorneys, providing complementary expertise focused on the practical realities of incarceration rather than legal strategy.
Most consultants come from one of two places. Some served federal time themselves and learned the system from the inside. Others worked for the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] as staff. A smaller group comes from medicine, law, or corrections without having been incarcerated. The field has no license, no exam, and no agency that tracks who is practicing. Anyone can take the title and start tomorrow.


Becoming a prison consultant requires no formal training or certification, and no agency tracks those in the business. The industry has grown substantially, with consultants providing services that typically include pre-sentencing preparation, guidance on prison designation, advice on navigating institutional rules and social dynamics, family communication strategies, and post-release reintegration planning.
== Overview ==


The Federal Bureau of Prisons takes no position on consulting.
The job is mostly about preparation and information. A federal sentence runs through a fixed sequence. There is an indictment, a plea or a trial, a presentence investigation, a sentencing hearing, a designation to a facility, a self-surrender date, then the time itself. Each step has rules. Each step has choices that matter later. A consultant walks a client through that sequence and points out where a decision will help or hurt.


== Services Provided ==
Consultants do not practice law. They cannot file a motion, argue in court, or tell a client whether to take a plea. They cannot guarantee a sentence, a facility, or a release date. The Bureau of Prisons holds sole authority over where a person serves time under 18 U.S.C. § 3621(b), and it weighs the offense, the prisoner's history, any statement from the court, bed space, security level, and proximity to home.<ref name="bop-5100">Federal Bureau of Prisons. [https://www.bop.gov/policy/progstat/5100_008.pdf Program Statement 5100.08, Inmate Security Designation and Custody Classification], September 12, 2006 (as amended).</ref> A consultant can shape a request. The BOP decides.


Prison consultants offer a diverse array of services designed to help clients navigate the complexities of the criminal justice system, though the scope and focus of these services vary significantly among practitioners. The rates of prison consultants vary significantly, often depending upon their experience and how they package various services. Some consultants provide comprehensive end-to-end support from indictment through release, while others specialize in particular aspects of the incarceration process.
The Bureau takes no official position on consulting. It neither endorses the practice nor bars it.


=== Pre-Sentencing Services ===
== What Prison Consultants Do ==


During the pre-sentencing phase, consultants commonly assist with preparation for the [[The Presentence Investigation Process|presentence investigation]]. This includes advising clients on how to present themselves during interviews with probation officers, helping to gather documentation that may influence sentencing recommendations, and working with defense attorneys to develop mitigation strategies. The comprehensiveness of a client's personal medical record is critical, as access to optimal care will depend on proper documentation in [[The Presentence Report (PSR)|the presentence report]]. Consultants may also provide guidance on [[Character Reference Letters in Sentencing|character reference letters]] and help clients understand the [[Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Offense Enhancements|sentencing guidelines]] applicable to their cases.
Services vary by practitioner. Some offer one package from indictment through release. Others take a single task, such as reviewing a presentence report or coaching a self-surrender. The common pieces follow.


Prison consultants cannot guarantee specific sentencing outcomes or influence judges' decisions. They do not provide legal advice and cannot file motions in court or represent clients in legal proceedings. Their role is advisory and educational, not legal advocacy.
'''Presentence preparation.''' The [[The Presentence Investigation Process|presentence investigation]] drives both the sentence and the facility assignment. A probation officer interviews the defendant and builds a report. Consultants coach clients on that interview and help assemble documentation that belongs in the file: medical records, employment history, family circumstances, evidence of restitution or treatment. For clients with health conditions, the records matter twice. The [[The Presentence Report (PSR)|presentence report]] becomes the referral document the BOP uses to assign a medical care level, so a condition left out of the report can mean a facility that cannot treat it.<ref name="blatstein-federal-lawyer">Blatstein, Marc, Spence, Fay, Hurst, E.J., and Baird, Maureen. [https://pprsus.com/treatment-and-rehabilitation-in-federal-prison-the-critical-role-of-the-presentence-report/ "Availability of Treatment and Rehabilitation in Federal Prison: The Critical Role of the Presentence Report,"] ''The Federal Lawyer'', January/February 2021.</ref> Consultants may also advise on [[Character Reference Letters in Sentencing|character reference letters]] and explain the [[Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Offense Enhancements|sentencing guidelines]] that apply.


=== Prison Designation and Placement ===
'''Designation advocacy.''' This is among the services clients ask for most. A consultant reviews a client's security point total under the [[Bureau of Prisons Classification Methods|BOP classification system]], identifies institutions that fit the likely [[Security Levels in Federal Prisons|security level]], and prepares a written request, sometimes called a designation packet, asking for a specific facility. The request can cite medical needs, proximity to family, or program availability. The BOP reads these requests. It is not bound by them, and many people end up somewhere they did not ask for.


One of the most valued services prison consultants provide is guidance on [[Overview of Federal Prison Designation|federal prison designation]]. While the Bureau of Prisons maintains final authority over all placement decisions, consultants can help clients understand the factors that influence designation and prepare formal requests for specific facilities. This includes analyzing a client's security point calculation under the [[Bureau of Prisons Classification Methods|BOP classification system]], identifying institutions that may be appropriate based on [[Security Levels in Federal Prisons|security level]], medical needs, and geographic proximity to family, and preparing comprehensive placement packets for submission to the Bureau of Prisons. Consultants may advise on facilities that may better accommodate specific needs, such as medical care requirements or proximity to family members.
'''RDAP and program eligibility.''' The [[Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP)]] is the program clients ask about most, because finishing it can cut up to twelve months off a sentence plus time in a halfway house.<ref name="bop-rdap">Federal Bureau of Prisons. [https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/substance_abuse_treatment.jsp Substance Abuse Treatment], accessed 2026.</ref><ref name="ussc-rdap">United States Sentencing Commission. [https://www.ussc.gov/education/residential-drug-abuse-treatment-program Residential Drug Abuse Treatment Program], accessed 2026.</ref> Consultants explain who qualifies, how the application works, and how long the waitlists run at different institutions. They also cover [[First Step Act: Overview and Implementation|First Step Act]] [[Earned Time Credits Under the First Step Act|time credits]] and the education and vocational programs available inside. None of it is a guarantee of acceptance.


For clients with significant medical needs, specialized consultants can be particularly valuable. Medical professionals who have transitioned into prison consulting bring expertise in navigating the Bureau of Prisons' Care Level system, which categorizes facilities based on the complexity of medical services they can provide. These consultants help ensure that chronic conditions, ongoing treatments, and specialized medical requirements are properly documented and communicated to the Bureau of Prisons during the designation process.
'''Self-surrender and orientation.''' Most federal defendants are told to report to prison on a set date rather than being taken into custody at sentencing. Consultants brief clients on what to bring, how intake works, and what the first days look like. The orientation also covers the informal rules: how the phone and email systems run, how visitation works, what causes fights, and how to stay out of them. Common flashpoints are disputes over phones, the television, and gambling, and a consultant tells a client to steer clear of all three.


=== Program Eligibility and Sentence Reduction ===
'''In-prison support.''' Some consultants keep working after a client is inside. They help families read the [[Administrative Remedy Process (BP-8 to BP-11)|administrative remedy process]], check that [[Federal Good Time Credit Policies|good conduct time]] and First Step Act credits are being calculated right, and advise on transfer requests. They cannot force the BOP to fix an error. They can only show a family how to pursue it.


Prison consultants frequently advise clients on eligibility for programs that can reduce time served or improve conditions during incarceration. The [[Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP)]] is among the most significant, as successful completion can result in up to 12 months of sentence reduction plus up to six months in a halfway house.<ref name=bop-rdap>Federal Bureau of Prisons. Substance Abuse Treatment. https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/substance_abuse_treatment.jsp</ref> Consultants help clients understand RDAP eligibility requirements, prepare applications, and navigate the waiting lists at various institutions.
== The Profession (unregulated) ==


Beyond RDAP, consultants provide information about educational programs, vocational training, and other rehabilitation initiatives available within the federal prison system. They can advise on the [[First Step Act: Overview and Implementation|First Step Act]] and how inmates may earn [[Earned Time Credits Under the First Step Act|time credits]] through evidence-based recidivism reduction programming, though consultants cannot guarantee acceptance into any particular program.
There is no governing body. No license, no certification exam, no continuing-education requirement, no board that hears complaints. A consultant cannot be disbarred, because there is nothing to disbar. The title carries no minimum of education, training, or experience.


=== Prison Preparation and Orientation ===
That puts the burden on the buyer. A defendant has to vet the consultant directly: confirm the experience is real, ask for references, read the contract, and watch for anyone promising results no one can deliver. Quality runs the full range. Some consultants are former inmates with deep firsthand knowledge or former BOP staff who ran the systems they now explain. Others have thin backgrounds and a good website.


Prison orientation and education programs are designed to acclimatize soon-to-be inmates to life in prison. This preparation typically covers practical matters such as what to bring on [[Self-Surrender Procedures|self-surrender day]], how the intake process works, what to expect during the first days and weeks of incarceration, and how to navigate the informal social rules and hierarchies within prison culture.
Fees track that same spread. A single task, such as a presentence report review or one consultation, sits at the low end. A full package that runs from indictment through release, with ongoing support and family work, sits much higher. Reporting on the field has cited figures into the tens of thousands of dollars for comprehensive engagements.<ref name="ii-levine">Institutional Investor. [https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/2bsxclslggn6x6wreheyo/culture/better-call-larry "Better Call Larry"], October 2012.</ref> Payment structures differ. Some charge a flat fee for a defined scope, some bill hourly, some take a retainer. A written contract that names the services, the price, and what costs extra is the baseline a client should expect.


Consultants advise clients on behavioral expectations, including maintaining appropriate boundaries with correctional staff and other inmates. They teach clients basic etiquette such as washing hands after using the restroom, not cutting in line at the chow hall, and keeping voices down during phone calls. Common sources of conflict in prison include disputes over phones, television access, and gambling, and consultants typically warn clients to avoid these potential flashpoints.
== Notable Prison Consultants ==


Consultants may also advise on maintaining family relationships during incarceration, including how [[Telecommunication Systems: Phones, Email, and Tablets|phone and email systems]] work, [[Visiting Policies and Procedures|visitation procedures]], and strategies for staying connected with children and spouses. They provide information about [[Daily Schedules, Counts, and Movement|daily life]], [[Work Assignments and Pay Structures|work assignments]], [[Commissary Operations and Inmate Accounts|commissary access]], and recreational opportunities.
The people below work or have worked as federal prison consultants and have been covered by mainstream press. Inclusion here is descriptive, not an endorsement.


=== In-Prison Advocacy and Problem Resolution ===
=== Sam Mangel ===


Once a client is incarcerated, some consultants continue to provide support by serving as advocates for inmates and their families. This can include helping to resolve issues with medical care, advising on the [[Administrative Remedy Process (BP-8 to BP-11)|administrative remedy process]] (the formal grievance system within the Bureau of Prisons), and assisting with transfer requests. Prison disciplinary matters, transfers, medical intervention, and administrative remedies typically fall within this category of services.
[[Sam Mangel]] is a federal prison consultant who appears regularly on CNN and Court TV as a commentator on criminal justice.<ref name="cnn-mangel">CNN. "Hear consultant for Bannon and Navarro explain what he tells clients before prison," June 9, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/09/politics/video/prison-bannon-navarro-consultant-sam-mangel-nr-digvid</ref> His clients have included [[Steve Bannon]], [[Sam Bankman-Fried]], [[Peter Navarro]], and Binance founder [[Changpeng Zhao]].<ref name="semafor-mangel">Semafor. "Prison consultant Sam Mangel helps ex-Trump adviser Peter Navarro navigate life behind bars," May 21, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/05/21/2024/prison-consultant-sam-mangel-helps-ex-trump-adviser-peter-navarro-navigate-life-behind-bars</ref> When Navarro reported to [[FCI_Miami_(minimum-security_camp)|FCI Miami]] in March 2024 for a four-month contempt-of-Congress sentence, Mangel prepared him for surrender. "When I picked him up this morning, he was ready to go," Mangel told CNN. "It can be scary and intimidating. But he's going to be perfectly safe."<ref name="cnn-navarro">CNN. "Peter Navarro begins serving prison sentence after historic contempt prosecution," March 19, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/19/politics/peter-navarro-jail-contempt-of-congress</ref> Bannon retained him for the same charge that year.<ref name="cnn-bannon">CNN. "Steve Bannon won't be spending his prison term in a Club Fed as he had hoped, sources say," June 17, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/17/politics/steve-bannon-danbury-prison-contempt-of-congress</ref>


Some consultants serve as authorized representatives who can communicate with prison officials on behalf of inmates regarding health care and other matters. They may help families understand prison policies, navigate bureaucratic obstacles, and ensure that inmates' rights are being respected. Consultants can also verify that [[Federal Good Time Credit Policies|good time credits]] and [[Earned Time Credits Under the First Step Act|First Step Act time credits]] are being calculated correctly, though they cannot force corrections in calculations—they can only advise families on how to pursue administrative remedies.
=== Larry Levine ===


=== Specialized Consultants ===
[[Larry Levine]] founded Wall Street Prison Consultants and is often described as one of the first people to do this work as a business.<ref name="wspc-bio">Wall Street Prison Consultants. "Larry Levine Bio." https://wallstreetprisonconsultants.com/larry-levine-bio/</ref> Levine served ten years in federal prison after a 1998 conviction on racketeering, securities fraud, and narcotics charges, moving through eleven institutions in five states at several security levels. He started the firm after his release in 2007. He has appeared on CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, Bloomberg, and Court TV, and is the author of ''Prison Politics 101: Mastering the Art of Survival''.<ref name="ii-levine" /><ref name="wspc-bio" />


The prison consulting field has developed various specializations. Some consultants focus exclusively on federal cases, while others specialize in particular state systems. Consultants with extensive first-hand knowledge of specific correctional systems, such as the NYC Department of Correction and the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, may be particularly valuable for cases within those jurisdictions where rules and procedures [[Differences Between Federal and State Prosecution|differ significantly from the federal system]].
=== Craig Rothfeld ===


Medical specialists bring expertise to clients from healthcare professions or those with complex medical needs. Consultants with medical backgrounds draw upon their clinical training and experiences within the Bureau of Prisons, and may maintain relationships with corrections officials and medical colleagues. These specialists understand both the professional licensing concerns that healthcare workers face when convicted of crimes and the intricacies of securing appropriate [[Access to Medical Care and Chronic Care Clinics|medical care]] within correctional facilities.
[[Craig Rothfeld]] works mostly on New York State cases and knows the NYC Department of Correction and the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision firsthand.<ref name="nbc-rothfeld">NBC News. "Well-known inmates hire this consultant to help them navigate life behind bars," October 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/prison-consultant-craig-rothfeld-high-profile-celebrities-diddy-rcna234930</ref> His clients have included Harvey Weinstein, NXIVM leader Keith Raniere, and Luigi Mangione. Rothfeld serves as Weinstein's business liaison and health care representative, carrying messages between the legal team and prison officials.<ref name="thr-weinstein">The Hollywood Reporter. "Harvey Weinstein's Life in Prison (Exclusive)." https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/exclusive-harvey-weinstein-life-in-prison-1236196701/</ref> Mangione, charged in the December 2024 killing of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, retained Rothfeld for his New York case.<ref name="fox-mangione">Fox News. "Luigi Mangione hires Harvey Weinstein's prison consultant Craig Rothfeld," January 29, 2025. https://www.foxnews.com/us/luigi-mangione-hires-harvey-weinstein-prison-consultant-craig-rothfeld-report</ref>


Other consultants specialize in particular types of cases, such as white-collar crimes, sex offenses (which require knowledge about protective custody and sex offender management programs), or cases involving elderly defendants.
=== Marc Blatstein ===


=== Limitations ===
[[Marc Blatstein]] spent more than thirty years in medicine and surgery and now takes clients who are medical professionals or who have complex health needs.<ref name="pprsus">Physician Presentence Report Service. "About Dr. Marc Blatstein." https://pprsus.com/about-dr-marc-blatstein/</ref> His method centers on getting medical records into the presentence report, which the BOP uses as the referral document for care levels and placement. He has written on the subject for ''The Federal Lawyer''.<ref name="blatstein-federal-lawyer" />


Prison consultants cannot practice law, provide legal advice, file legal motions, or represent clients in court proceedings. They cannot guarantee specific outcomes regarding sentencing, prison placement, program acceptance, or early release. Prison consultants charge varying fees with no promises made regarding results.
=== Christopher Zoukis ===


Consultants have no authority to influence Bureau of Prisons decisions, modify security classifications, or override institutional policies. They cannot secure special treatment for clients or guarantee transfer to specific facilities. The value of a prison consultant lies in their knowledge, experience, and ability to help clients and their families navigate the correctional system with greater understanding and preparation.
[[Christopher Zoukis]], JD, MBA, is a federal prison consultant and author who directs the prison consulting division at the law firm Elizabeth Franklin-Best P.C.<ref name="zoukis-bio">Zoukis Consulting Group. "About Christopher Zoukis." https://federalcriminaldefenseattorney.com/about/christopher-zoukis-federal-prison-consultant/</ref> Zoukis served twelve years in federal prison and earned a bachelor's degree and an MBA from Adams State University during that time. He wrote the ''Federal Prison Handbook'' (Middle Street Publishing, 2017), the ''Directory of Federal Prisons'' (2020), ''Prison Education Guide'' (PLN Publishing, 2016), and ''College for Convicts'' (McFarland, 2014).<ref name="amazon-fph">Amazon. "Federal Prison Handbook: The Definitive Guide to Surviving the Federal Bureau of Prisons." https://www.amazon.com/Federal-Prison-Handbook-Definitive-Surviving/dp/0692799737</ref>


== Cost ==
=== Walt Pavlo ===


The services offered by prison consultants are diverse and tailored to the specific needs of their clients, leading to a wide range in cost. Fees typically range from $2,000 for limited, à la carte services to more than $80,000 for comprehensive packages that include extensive pre-sentencing preparation, ongoing support throughout incarceration, and post-release assistance.
[[Walt Pavlo]] is a federal prison consultant and a contributor to ''Forbes'', where he writes on white-collar crime and the federal prison system. He served time for a fraud conviction tied to his work at MCI in the 1990s and built a consulting and speaking practice around the experience.<ref name="pavlo-forbes">Forbes. "Walt Pavlo, Contributor." https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterpavlo/</ref>


== Selection Considerations ==
=== Mark Varacchi ===


Finding an appropriate prison consultant requires careful evaluation, particularly given the absence of formal training requirements or professional certification in this field. The unregulated nature of the industry means that the quality and expertise of consultants can vary significantly.
[[Mark Varacchi]] is a former hedge-fund manager who pleaded guilty to securities fraud and later moved into prison consulting, drawing on his own federal case and incarceration to advise white-collar defendants.<ref name="varacchi-sec">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "SEC Charges Hedge Fund Managers in Multimillion-Dollar Fraud," May 2017. https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2017-104</ref>


'''Background Research:''' Since there is no formal governing body for prison consultants, prospective clients should research a consultant's history, duration of practice, and specific areas of expertise. This may include their own experiences with the prison system, legal knowledge, and documented successes. Past clients of various prison consultants have included Lori Loughlin, [[Bernie Madoff|Bernard Madoff]], [[Michael Milken]], Ivan Boesky, Mike Tyson, [[Michael Vick]], Plaxico Burress, [[Martha Stewart]], and Leona Helmsley.
== Choosing a Consultant ==


'''Relevant Experience:''' Consultants should have experience with the specific correctional system relevant to the case—federal or state—as the [[Differences Between Federal and State Prosecution|difference between federal and state systems is substantial]], and each state operates under unique rules. The [[Security Levels in Federal Prisons|security level]] of facilities where the consultant has experience should match the likely security level of the client's designation. Experience with the specific facility to which a client may be assigned can be particularly valuable, as practices vary even within the same system.
Because nothing regulates the field, the vetting falls entirely on the client. A few things to check.


Demographic factors may also be relevant, as the experience of incarceration differs based on gender, age, and other characteristics. Consultants whose backgrounds and experiences closely match a client's circumstances may be better positioned to provide relevant guidance.
'''Match the system.''' Federal and state are [[Differences Between Federal and State Prosecution|different worlds]], and the fifty states differ from each other. A consultant who knows federal prison has no special read on a Texas state case. Confirm the experience lines up with the jurisdiction, and ideally with the likely [[Security Levels in Federal Prisons|security level]].


'''Recency of Experience:''' Consultants with recent experience in the prison system may have more current knowledge, as correctional facilities, rules, and social dynamics evolve over time.
'''Check how recent it is.''' Rules, programs, and waitlists shift. Knowledge from a prison stint twenty years ago may be stale. Ask when the consultant last dealt directly with the system in question.


'''References:''' Reputable consultants should be willing to provide references or testimonials from previous clients.
'''Ask for specifics.''' A capable consultant can talk in detail about current RDAP waitlists, recent policy changes, and the particular facility a client may land in. Vague generalities are a warning.


'''Warning Signs:''' Red flags include promises of guaranteed outcomes (such as significantly reduced sentences or special treatment), pressure to make quick decisions, claims of insider connections or ability to influence judges or Bureau of Prisons officials, reluctance to provide detailed contracts or clear explanations of services, and excessive focus on the consultant's own experience rather than the client's specific needs.
'''Get references and a contract.''' A reputable consultant will provide references and a written agreement that spells out the scope, the fee, and what is not included.


== Notable Consultants ==
'''Watch for red flags.''' Guaranteed outcomes. Claims of pull with judges or BOP officials. Pressure to decide fast. Vague pricing. Heavy focus on the consultant's own story rather than the client's situation. Any of these is a reason to walk.


=== Sam Mangel ===
Free help exists alongside the paid field. The [[White Collar Support Group]], founded in 2016 by [[Jeff Grant]], a minister and former attorney who served federal time, runs weekly peer-support meetings on Zoom covering prison prep, survival inside, and reentry.


[[Sam Mangel]] is a federal prison consultant who has appeared regularly on CNN and CourtTV as a media commentator on criminal justice matters.<ref name=cnn-mangel>CNN. Hear consultant for Bannon and Navarro explain what he tells clients before prison. June 9, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/09/politics/video/prison-bannon-navarro-consultant-sam-mangel-nr-digvid</ref> His client list includes [[Steve Bannon]], [[Sam Bankman-Fried]], [[Peter Navarro]], and Binance founder [[Changpeng Zhao]].<ref name=semafor-mangel>Semafor. Prison consultant Sam Mangel helps ex-Trump adviser Peter Navarro navigate life behind bars. May 21, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/05/21/2024/prison-consultant-sam-mangel-helps-ex-trump-adviser-peter-navarro-navigate-life-behind-bars</ref>
== Frequently Asked Questions ==


When former Trump adviser [[Peter Navarro]] reported to federal prison in March 2024 to serve his four-month sentence for contempt of Congress, Mangel helped him prepare for incarceration at FCI Miami. When I picked him up this morning, he was ready to go, Mangel told CNN. It can be scary and intimidating. But hes going to be perfectly safe."<ref name="cnn-navarro">CNN. "Peter Navarro begins serving prison sentence after historic contempt prosecution." March 19, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/19/politics/peter-navarro-jail-contempt-of-congress</ref> Similarly, [[Steve Bannon]] retained Mangel when facing his four-month federal prison sentence for contempt of Congress.<ref name="cnn-bannon">CNN. "Steve Bannon wont be spending his prison term in a Club Fed as he had hoped, sources say. June 17, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/17/politics/steve-bannon-danbury-prison-contempt-of-congress</ref>
{{FAQPage|
{{FAQ
|question = What does a prison consultant do?
|answer = A prison consultant advises a defendant on preparing for federal incarceration. The work covers the [[The Presentence Investigation Process|presentence investigation]], advocacy for a particular [[Overview of Federal Prison Designation|facility designation]], eligibility for programs like the [[Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP)|RDAP]], and the self-surrender process. Some consultants keep working with the family during the sentence, checking time-credit calculations and advising on the grievance system. The scope varies by practitioner. Some offer a full package from indictment through release; others take a single task.
}}


=== Craig Rothfeld ===
{{FAQ
|question = Are prison consultants licensed or regulated?
|answer = No. The field has no license, no certification exam, and no governing body. Anyone can use the title. There is no agency tracking who practices, no process for complaints, and no equivalent of disbarment. That puts the full burden of vetting on the client: confirm the experience, ask for references, read the contract, and watch for anyone promising results no one can deliver. The Bureau of Prisons takes no position on the practice.
}}


[[Craig Rothfeld]] specializes in New York State cases and has extensive first-hand knowledge of the NYC Department of Correction and the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision.<ref name=nbc-rothfeld>NBC News. Well-known inmates hire this consultant to help them navigate life behind bars. October 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/prison-consultant-craig-rothfeld-high-profile-celebrities-diddy-rcna234930</ref> His clients have included Luigi Mangione, Harvey Weinstein, and NXIVM leader Keith Raniere.
{{FAQ
|question = How much do prison consultants charge?
|answer = Fees vary widely with the scope of work, the consultant, and the case. A single discrete task, such as reviewing a presentence report or one consultation, sits at the low end. A comprehensive engagement that runs from indictment through release, with ongoing support, sits much higher; reporting has cited figures into the tens of thousands of dollars. Some charge a flat fee, some bill hourly, some take a retainer. Insist on a written contract that names the services, the price, and what costs extra.
}}


Rothfeld serves as Harvey Weinstein's business liaison and health care representative, facilitating communication between Weinstein's legal team and prison officials.<ref name=thr-weinstein>The Hollywood Reporter. Harvey Weinsteins Life in Prison (Exclusive)." https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/exclusive-harvey-weinstein-life-in-prison-1236196701/</ref> In December 2024, Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the murder of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, retained Rothfeld for his New York State case.<ref name="fox-mangione">Fox News. "Luigi Mangione hires Harvey Weinsteins prison consultant Craig Rothfeld. January 29, 2025. https://www.foxnews.com/us/luigi-mangione-hires-harvey-weinstein-prison-consultant-craig-rothfeld-report</ref>
{{FAQ
|question = Can a prison consultant guarantee a shorter sentence?
|answer = No. The sentence rests with the judge, who weighs the [[Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Offense Enhancements|guidelines]], the offense, and both sides' arguments. A consultant has no influence over that decision. What a consultant can do is help build the strongest mitigation case: an accurate [[The Presentence Report (PSR)|presentence report]], documentation of rehabilitation and community ties, and coordination with the attorney on [[Character Reference Letters in Sentencing|character letters]]. Anyone who promises a specific reduction is misrepresenting the work.
}}


=== Marc Blatstein ===
{{FAQ
|question = Can a prison consultant get someone into a specific prison?
|answer = No. The Bureau of Prisons holds sole authority over designation. A consultant can analyze a [[Bureau of Prisons Classification Methods|security point calculation]], identify facilities that match the likely security level and any medical needs, and prepare a written request for a preferred institution. The BOP reads the request but is not bound by it. Bed space, security concerns, and institutional needs often override a preference, and many people are designated somewhere they did not ask for.
}}


[[Marc Blatstein]], with over 30 years of experience in medicine and surgery, specializes in cases involving medical professionals and clients with complex medical needs.<ref name=pprsus>Physician Presentence Report Service. About Dr. Marc Blatstein. https://pprsus.com/about-dr-marc-blatstein/</ref> His expertise extends to navigating the Bureau of Prisons' medical care levels and ensuring proper documentation in [[The Presentence Report (PSR)|presentence reports]].
{{FAQ
|question = When should someone hire a prison consultant?
|answer = Earlier is generally better. Engaging a consultant before the [[The Presentence Investigation Process|presentence interview]] matters most, because that report drives both the sentence and the facility assignment, and medical conditions in particular need to be documented in it. A consultant can still help after sentencing with designation requests and self-surrender prep, though the compressed timeline limits what is possible. The least useful time to start is the day before surrender.
}}


Blatstein's approach focuses on embedding medical records into the presentence report, which serves as the primary referral document for Bureau of Prisons medical care and facility placement decisions. His published works include articles in The Federal Lawyer on Availability of Treatment and Rehabilitation in Federal Prison: The Critical Role of the Presentence Report.<ref name=federal-lawyer>Blatstein, Marc et al. Availability of Treatment and Rehabilitation in Federal Prison: The Critical Role of the Presentence Report. The Federal Lawyer, January/February 2021.</ref>
{{FAQ
|question = Do prison consultants have inside connections?
|answer = Be skeptical of anyone who claims so. Legitimate expertise comes from having served time, from a professional background in law, medicine, or corrections, or from years of working cases and watching how the system runs. None of that lets a consultant influence a BOP decision through a phone call. The Bureau makes designation, transfer, and program decisions on policy, security, and available resources. A consultant who claims to "call in favors" or sway a judge is a red flag.
}}


== Alternative Resources ==
{{FAQ
|question = Can a consultant help someone who is already incarcerated?
|answer = Yes, within limits. From outside, a consultant can review [[Federal Good Time Credit Policies|good conduct time]] and First Step Act credit calculations for errors, advise on transfer requests, guide a family through the [[Administrative Remedy Process (BP-8 to BP-11)|administrative remedy process]], and help with applications for RDAP or education programs. Some consultants with medical backgrounds serve as authorized health care representatives. None of this lets a consultant compel the BOP to act; the role is to advise, not to force a result.
}}


Advice for navigating the challenges of prison life can be found through resources beyond traditional prison consultants. The [[White Collar Support Group]], founded in 2016 by [[Jeff Grant]], an ordained minister and attorney, provides free peer support for justice-impacted individuals and their families. The group's weekly meetings on Zoom cover topics from preparing for prison to rebuilding careers post-incarceration.
{{FAQ
|question = Are there free alternatives to a paid consultant?
|answer = Yes. The [[White Collar Support Group]], founded by [[Jeff Grant]], runs free weekly Zoom meetings on prison prep, survival, and reentry. The Bureau of Prisons publishes its program statements and facility information at bop.gov. A defense attorney may also refer a client to a mitigation specialist or social worker. The tradeoff is time: free resources require self-directed research and rarely come tailored to one person's case.
}}
}}


== See Also ==
== See Also ==


=== Prison Consultants ===
* [[Sam Mangel]]
* [[Sam Mangel]]
* [[Craig Rothfeld]]
* [[Craig Rothfeld]]
* [[Marc Blatstein]]
* [[Marc Blatstein]]
* [[Larry Levine]]
* [[Walt Pavlo]]
* [[Walt Pavlo]]
* [[Mark Varacchi]]
* [[Mark Varacchi]]
* [[Larry Levine]]
* [[Christopher Zoukis]]
 
=== Related Topics ===
* [[White Collar Support Group]]
* [[White Collar Support Group]]
* [[White Collar Conference]]
* [[Character Reference Letters in Sentencing]]
* [[The Presentence Investigation Process]]
* [[The Presentence Investigation Process]]
* [[The Presentence Report (PSR)]]
* [[The Presentence Report (PSR)]]
* [[Self-Surrender Procedures]]
* [[Self-Surrender Procedures]]
* [[Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP)]]
* [[Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP)]]
* [[First Step Act: Overview and Implementation]]
* [[Overview of Federal Prison Designation]]
* [[Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Offense Enhancements]]
* [[Security Levels in Federal Prisons]]
* [[Security Levels in Federal Prisons]]
* [[Differences Between Federal and State Prosecution]]
* [[Differences Between Federal and State Prosecution]]
Line 128: Line 152:
<references />
<references />


== Nightmare Success Guides ==
* [https://nightmaresuccess.com/guides/what-first-week-in-federal-prison-feels-like/ What the First Week in Federal Prison Feels Like] — First-person accounts of intake and the habits that matter most in the first seven days.
* [https://nightmaresuccess.com/guides/how-federal-sentencing-works-step-by-step/ How Federal Sentencing Actually Works] — Practical breakdown from investigation through sentencing, grounded in real guest stories.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Consultants, Prison}}
[[Category:Life Inside Federal Prison]]
[[Category:Prison Consultants]]
[[Category:Prison Consultants]]
[[Category:Pre-Sentencing]]
 
{{#seo:
|title=Prison Consultants — Federal Sentencing, Designation, and Surrender Prep | Prisonpedia
|title_mode=replace
|description=What federal prison consultants do, what they cost, and how to vet one in an unregulated field. Covers presentence prep, BOP designation, RDAP, and self-surrender.
|keywords=prison consultant, federal prison consultant, BOP designation, RDAP eligibility, self-surrender prep, sentence mitigation, Sam Mangel, Craig Rothfeld
|type=Article
|site_name=Prisonpedia
|locale=en_US
|modified_time=2026-06-03
}}
{{MetaDescription|Federal prison consultants advise defendants on presentence prep, BOP designation, RDAP eligibility, and self-surrender. Learn what they do, what they cost, and how to choose one.}}

Latest revision as of 14:08, 3 June 2026

A prison consultant advises a defendant on how to prepare for federal incarceration. The work sits next to the lawyer's work, not inside it. A defense attorney handles the case in court. A consultant handles everything the case leaves behind: the presentence interview, the request for a particular facility, eligibility for drug treatment, the day a person walks through the gate to surrender.

Most consultants come from one of two places. Some served federal time themselves and learned the system from the inside. Others worked for the Federal Bureau of Prisons as staff. A smaller group comes from medicine, law, or corrections without having been incarcerated. The field has no license, no exam, and no agency that tracks who is practicing. Anyone can take the title and start tomorrow.

Overview

The job is mostly about preparation and information. A federal sentence runs through a fixed sequence. There is an indictment, a plea or a trial, a presentence investigation, a sentencing hearing, a designation to a facility, a self-surrender date, then the time itself. Each step has rules. Each step has choices that matter later. A consultant walks a client through that sequence and points out where a decision will help or hurt.

Consultants do not practice law. They cannot file a motion, argue in court, or tell a client whether to take a plea. They cannot guarantee a sentence, a facility, or a release date. The Bureau of Prisons holds sole authority over where a person serves time under 18 U.S.C. § 3621(b), and it weighs the offense, the prisoner's history, any statement from the court, bed space, security level, and proximity to home.[1] A consultant can shape a request. The BOP decides.

The Bureau takes no official position on consulting. It neither endorses the practice nor bars it.

What Prison Consultants Do

Services vary by practitioner. Some offer one package from indictment through release. Others take a single task, such as reviewing a presentence report or coaching a self-surrender. The common pieces follow.

Presentence preparation. The presentence investigation drives both the sentence and the facility assignment. A probation officer interviews the defendant and builds a report. Consultants coach clients on that interview and help assemble documentation that belongs in the file: medical records, employment history, family circumstances, evidence of restitution or treatment. For clients with health conditions, the records matter twice. The presentence report becomes the referral document the BOP uses to assign a medical care level, so a condition left out of the report can mean a facility that cannot treat it.[2] Consultants may also advise on character reference letters and explain the sentencing guidelines that apply.

Designation advocacy. This is among the services clients ask for most. A consultant reviews a client's security point total under the BOP classification system, identifies institutions that fit the likely security level, and prepares a written request, sometimes called a designation packet, asking for a specific facility. The request can cite medical needs, proximity to family, or program availability. The BOP reads these requests. It is not bound by them, and many people end up somewhere they did not ask for.

RDAP and program eligibility. The Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP) is the program clients ask about most, because finishing it can cut up to twelve months off a sentence plus time in a halfway house.[3][4] Consultants explain who qualifies, how the application works, and how long the waitlists run at different institutions. They also cover First Step Act time credits and the education and vocational programs available inside. None of it is a guarantee of acceptance.

Self-surrender and orientation. Most federal defendants are told to report to prison on a set date rather than being taken into custody at sentencing. Consultants brief clients on what to bring, how intake works, and what the first days look like. The orientation also covers the informal rules: how the phone and email systems run, how visitation works, what causes fights, and how to stay out of them. Common flashpoints are disputes over phones, the television, and gambling, and a consultant tells a client to steer clear of all three.

In-prison support. Some consultants keep working after a client is inside. They help families read the administrative remedy process, check that good conduct time and First Step Act credits are being calculated right, and advise on transfer requests. They cannot force the BOP to fix an error. They can only show a family how to pursue it.

The Profession (unregulated)

There is no governing body. No license, no certification exam, no continuing-education requirement, no board that hears complaints. A consultant cannot be disbarred, because there is nothing to disbar. The title carries no minimum of education, training, or experience.

That puts the burden on the buyer. A defendant has to vet the consultant directly: confirm the experience is real, ask for references, read the contract, and watch for anyone promising results no one can deliver. Quality runs the full range. Some consultants are former inmates with deep firsthand knowledge or former BOP staff who ran the systems they now explain. Others have thin backgrounds and a good website.

Fees track that same spread. A single task, such as a presentence report review or one consultation, sits at the low end. A full package that runs from indictment through release, with ongoing support and family work, sits much higher. Reporting on the field has cited figures into the tens of thousands of dollars for comprehensive engagements.[5] Payment structures differ. Some charge a flat fee for a defined scope, some bill hourly, some take a retainer. A written contract that names the services, the price, and what costs extra is the baseline a client should expect.

Notable Prison Consultants

The people below work or have worked as federal prison consultants and have been covered by mainstream press. Inclusion here is descriptive, not an endorsement.

Sam Mangel

Sam Mangel is a federal prison consultant who appears regularly on CNN and Court TV as a commentator on criminal justice.[6] His clients have included Steve Bannon, Sam Bankman-Fried, Peter Navarro, and Binance founder Changpeng Zhao.[7] When Navarro reported to FCI Miami in March 2024 for a four-month contempt-of-Congress sentence, Mangel prepared him for surrender. "When I picked him up this morning, he was ready to go," Mangel told CNN. "It can be scary and intimidating. But he's going to be perfectly safe."[8] Bannon retained him for the same charge that year.[9]

Larry Levine

Larry Levine founded Wall Street Prison Consultants and is often described as one of the first people to do this work as a business.[10] Levine served ten years in federal prison after a 1998 conviction on racketeering, securities fraud, and narcotics charges, moving through eleven institutions in five states at several security levels. He started the firm after his release in 2007. He has appeared on CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, Bloomberg, and Court TV, and is the author of Prison Politics 101: Mastering the Art of Survival.[5][10]

Craig Rothfeld

Craig Rothfeld works mostly on New York State cases and knows the NYC Department of Correction and the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision firsthand.[11] His clients have included Harvey Weinstein, NXIVM leader Keith Raniere, and Luigi Mangione. Rothfeld serves as Weinstein's business liaison and health care representative, carrying messages between the legal team and prison officials.[12] Mangione, charged in the December 2024 killing of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, retained Rothfeld for his New York case.[13]

Marc Blatstein

Marc Blatstein spent more than thirty years in medicine and surgery and now takes clients who are medical professionals or who have complex health needs.[14] His method centers on getting medical records into the presentence report, which the BOP uses as the referral document for care levels and placement. He has written on the subject for The Federal Lawyer.[2]

Christopher Zoukis

Christopher Zoukis, JD, MBA, is a federal prison consultant and author who directs the prison consulting division at the law firm Elizabeth Franklin-Best P.C.[15] Zoukis served twelve years in federal prison and earned a bachelor's degree and an MBA from Adams State University during that time. He wrote the Federal Prison Handbook (Middle Street Publishing, 2017), the Directory of Federal Prisons (2020), Prison Education Guide (PLN Publishing, 2016), and College for Convicts (McFarland, 2014).[16]

Walt Pavlo

Walt Pavlo is a federal prison consultant and a contributor to Forbes, where he writes on white-collar crime and the federal prison system. He served time for a fraud conviction tied to his work at MCI in the 1990s and built a consulting and speaking practice around the experience.[17]

Mark Varacchi

Mark Varacchi is a former hedge-fund manager who pleaded guilty to securities fraud and later moved into prison consulting, drawing on his own federal case and incarceration to advise white-collar defendants.[18]

Choosing a Consultant

Because nothing regulates the field, the vetting falls entirely on the client. A few things to check.

Match the system. Federal and state are different worlds, and the fifty states differ from each other. A consultant who knows federal prison has no special read on a Texas state case. Confirm the experience lines up with the jurisdiction, and ideally with the likely security level.

Check how recent it is. Rules, programs, and waitlists shift. Knowledge from a prison stint twenty years ago may be stale. Ask when the consultant last dealt directly with the system in question.

Ask for specifics. A capable consultant can talk in detail about current RDAP waitlists, recent policy changes, and the particular facility a client may land in. Vague generalities are a warning.

Get references and a contract. A reputable consultant will provide references and a written agreement that spells out the scope, the fee, and what is not included.

Watch for red flags. Guaranteed outcomes. Claims of pull with judges or BOP officials. Pressure to decide fast. Vague pricing. Heavy focus on the consultant's own story rather than the client's situation. Any of these is a reason to walk.

Free help exists alongside the paid field. The White Collar Support Group, founded in 2016 by Jeff Grant, a minister and former attorney who served federal time, runs weekly peer-support meetings on Zoom covering prison prep, survival inside, and reentry.

Frequently Asked Questions


Q: What does a prison consultant do?

A prison consultant advises a defendant on preparing for federal incarceration. The work covers the presentence investigation, advocacy for a particular facility designation, eligibility for programs like the RDAP, and the self-surrender process. Some consultants keep working with the family during the sentence, checking time-credit calculations and advising on the grievance system. The scope varies by practitioner. Some offer a full package from indictment through release; others take a single task.



Q: Are prison consultants licensed or regulated?

No. The field has no license, no certification exam, and no governing body. Anyone can use the title. There is no agency tracking who practices, no process for complaints, and no equivalent of disbarment. That puts the full burden of vetting on the client: confirm the experience, ask for references, read the contract, and watch for anyone promising results no one can deliver. The Bureau of Prisons takes no position on the practice.



Q: How much do prison consultants charge?

Fees vary widely with the scope of work, the consultant, and the case. A single discrete task, such as reviewing a presentence report or one consultation, sits at the low end. A comprehensive engagement that runs from indictment through release, with ongoing support, sits much higher; reporting has cited figures into the tens of thousands of dollars. Some charge a flat fee, some bill hourly, some take a retainer. Insist on a written contract that names the services, the price, and what costs extra.



Q: Can a prison consultant guarantee a shorter sentence?

No. The sentence rests with the judge, who weighs the guidelines, the offense, and both sides' arguments. A consultant has no influence over that decision. What a consultant can do is help build the strongest mitigation case: an accurate presentence report, documentation of rehabilitation and community ties, and coordination with the attorney on character letters. Anyone who promises a specific reduction is misrepresenting the work.



Q: Can a prison consultant get someone into a specific prison?

No. The Bureau of Prisons holds sole authority over designation. A consultant can analyze a security point calculation, identify facilities that match the likely security level and any medical needs, and prepare a written request for a preferred institution. The BOP reads the request but is not bound by it. Bed space, security concerns, and institutional needs often override a preference, and many people are designated somewhere they did not ask for.



Q: When should someone hire a prison consultant?

Earlier is generally better. Engaging a consultant before the presentence interview matters most, because that report drives both the sentence and the facility assignment, and medical conditions in particular need to be documented in it. A consultant can still help after sentencing with designation requests and self-surrender prep, though the compressed timeline limits what is possible. The least useful time to start is the day before surrender.



Q: Do prison consultants have inside connections?

Be skeptical of anyone who claims so. Legitimate expertise comes from having served time, from a professional background in law, medicine, or corrections, or from years of working cases and watching how the system runs. None of that lets a consultant influence a BOP decision through a phone call. The Bureau makes designation, transfer, and program decisions on policy, security, and available resources. A consultant who claims to "call in favors" or sway a judge is a red flag.



Q: Can a consultant help someone who is already incarcerated?

Yes, within limits. From outside, a consultant can review good conduct time and First Step Act credit calculations for errors, advise on transfer requests, guide a family through the administrative remedy process, and help with applications for RDAP or education programs. Some consultants with medical backgrounds serve as authorized health care representatives. None of this lets a consultant compel the BOP to act; the role is to advise, not to force a result.



Q: Are there free alternatives to a paid consultant?

Yes. The White Collar Support Group, founded by Jeff Grant, runs free weekly Zoom meetings on prison prep, survival, and reentry. The Bureau of Prisons publishes its program statements and facility information at bop.gov. A defense attorney may also refer a client to a mitigation specialist or social worker. The tradeoff is time: free resources require self-directed research and rarely come tailored to one person's case.


See Also

References

  1. ↑ Federal Bureau of Prisons. Program Statement 5100.08, Inmate Security Designation and Custody Classification, September 12, 2006 (as amended).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Blatstein, Marc, Spence, Fay, Hurst, E.J., and Baird, Maureen. "Availability of Treatment and Rehabilitation in Federal Prison: The Critical Role of the Presentence Report," The Federal Lawyer, January/February 2021.
  3. ↑ Federal Bureau of Prisons. Substance Abuse Treatment, accessed 2026.
  4. ↑ United States Sentencing Commission. Residential Drug Abuse Treatment Program, accessed 2026.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Institutional Investor. "Better Call Larry", October 2012.
  6. ↑ CNN. "Hear consultant for Bannon and Navarro explain what he tells clients before prison," June 9, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/09/politics/video/prison-bannon-navarro-consultant-sam-mangel-nr-digvid
  7. ↑ Semafor. "Prison consultant Sam Mangel helps ex-Trump adviser Peter Navarro navigate life behind bars," May 21, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/05/21/2024/prison-consultant-sam-mangel-helps-ex-trump-adviser-peter-navarro-navigate-life-behind-bars
  8. ↑ CNN. "Peter Navarro begins serving prison sentence after historic contempt prosecution," March 19, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/19/politics/peter-navarro-jail-contempt-of-congress
  9. ↑ CNN. "Steve Bannon won't be spending his prison term in a Club Fed as he had hoped, sources say," June 17, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/17/politics/steve-bannon-danbury-prison-contempt-of-congress
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wall Street Prison Consultants. "Larry Levine Bio." https://wallstreetprisonconsultants.com/larry-levine-bio/
  11. ↑ NBC News. "Well-known inmates hire this consultant to help them navigate life behind bars," October 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/prison-consultant-craig-rothfeld-high-profile-celebrities-diddy-rcna234930
  12. ↑ The Hollywood Reporter. "Harvey Weinstein's Life in Prison (Exclusive)." https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/exclusive-harvey-weinstein-life-in-prison-1236196701/
  13. ↑ Fox News. "Luigi Mangione hires Harvey Weinstein's prison consultant Craig Rothfeld," January 29, 2025. https://www.foxnews.com/us/luigi-mangione-hires-harvey-weinstein-prison-consultant-craig-rothfeld-report
  14. ↑ Physician Presentence Report Service. "About Dr. Marc Blatstein." https://pprsus.com/about-dr-marc-blatstein/
  15. ↑ Zoukis Consulting Group. "About Christopher Zoukis." https://federalcriminaldefenseattorney.com/about/christopher-zoukis-federal-prison-consultant/
  16. ↑ Amazon. "Federal Prison Handbook: The Definitive Guide to Surviving the Federal Bureau of Prisons." https://www.amazon.com/Federal-Prison-Handbook-Definitive-Surviving/dp/0692799737
  17. ↑ Forbes. "Walt Pavlo, Contributor." https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterpavlo/
  18. ↑ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "SEC Charges Hedge Fund Managers in Multimillion-Dollar Fraud," May 2017. https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2017-104

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