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|birth_date = June 11, 1951
|birth_date = June 11, 1951
|birth_place = Chicago, Illinois
|birth_place = Chicago, Illinois
|charges = Obstruction of justice, Acting as unregistered foreign agent
|charges = Obstruction of justice, Acting as an unregistered foreign agent
|sentence = 1 year
|sentence = One year and one day in federal prison
|status = Pardoned
|conviction_date = July 7, 2010
|conviction_date = July 7, 2010
|release_date = December 2020 (pardoned)
|sentencing_date = January 11, 2012
|judge = Hon. Nanette Kay Laughrey
|case_number = W.D. Missouri (Kansas City)
|status = Served sentence; pardoned December 2020
|release_date = Pardoned December 2020
}}
}}


'''Mark Deli Siljander''' (born June 11, 1951) is a former American politician who served as the U.S. Representative for Michigan's 4th congressional district from 1981 to 1987. In 2010, he pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and acting as an unregistered foreign agent. The charges stemmed from work he'd done for the Islamic American Relief Agency, which paid him $75,000 to lobby for its removal from a federal list of charities suspected of funding terrorism. He was sentenced to one year in federal prison. President Donald Trump [[Presidential Clemency and Pardons|pardoned]] Siljander in December 2020, citing his pro-life congressional record and post-prison charitable work. But the pardon drew sharp criticism from Republican Congressman Fred Upton, who'd defeated Siljander in the 1986 primary.<ref name="crains">Crain's Detroit Business, "Former West Michigan Congressman Mark Siljander gets pardon from Trump," December 2020, https://www.crainsdetroit.com/politics/former-west-michigan-congressman-gets-pardon-trump</ref>
'''Mark Deli Siljander''' (born June 11, 1951) is a former United States Representative for Michigan's 4th congressional district. He held the seat from 1981 to 1987. In 2010 he pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and to acting as an unregistered foreign agent. The charges grew out of lobbying work he did for the Islamic American Relief Agency, a Missouri-based charity. IARA paid him about $75,000 to push for its removal from a U.S. Senate Finance Committee list of organizations suspected of funding terrorism.<ref name="doj-sen">U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of Missouri. "Former Islamic American Relief Agency Officials, Mark Siljander Sentenced." January 11, 2012.</ref> He told investigators the money was a charitable donation to help him write a book. That was false. A federal judge in Kansas City sentenced him on January 11, 2012, to one year and one day in prison.<ref name="bloomberglaw">Bloomberg Law. "Former Rep. Siljander Gets Year in Jail for Obstruction, Acting as Foreign Agent." January 2012.</ref> He served the sentence. In December 2020, President Donald Trump [[Presidential Clemency and Pardons|pardoned]] him. The pardon drew criticism from former Republican Congressman Fred Upton, who had defeated Siljander in the 1986 primary.<ref name="detroit-news">Detroit News. "Upton: 'Beyond disappointed' with Trump pardon of ex-Michigan congressman." December 2020. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/12/24/upton-disappointed-trump-pardon-ex-michigan-congressman/4038723001/</ref>


== Summary ==
== Political Career ==


During his time in the House of Representatives in the 1980s, Siljander earned a reputation as a conservative Republican with a strong pro-life stance. After losing his congressional seat in a 1986 primary challenge from Fred Upton, he moved to Virginia and worked as a consultant and lobbyist.
Siljander was born June 11, 1951, in Chicago. His family moved to Michigan when he was young. He earned degrees from Western Michigan University.


The Islamic American Relief Agency (IARA) was a Missouri-based charity that came under federal scrutiny in 2008. Authorities suspected it of funneling money to terrorist organizations. Siljander was indicted for accepting $75,000 from IARA to lobby for the charity's removal from a government watch list. Prosecutors alleged he then lied to investigators about his activities.
He entered Congress in 1981. An appointment filled a vacancy in Michigan's 4th congressional district. He then won the seat in his own right and served three terms. His record placed him among the most conservative members of the House. He was a vocal opponent of abortion and an advocate for pro-life causes.


Initially, he pleaded not guilty. That changed in 2010 when he accepted a plea deal. He served a one-year prison sentence. The 2020 pardon was controversial, particularly because his former primary opponent Fred Upton expressed strong disappointment with the decision.
The 1986 Republican primary ended his time in office. Fred Upton, a more moderate Republican, challenged him and won. Upton went on to hold the same district seat for more than three decades.


== Background ==
After leaving Congress, Siljander moved to Virginia. He worked as a consultant and lobbyist. He also wrote about interfaith dialogue between Christians and Muslims. His later legal trouble came out of this lobbying work.


=== Early Life ===
== The Case ==


Mark Deli Siljander was born on June 11, 1951, in Chicago, Illinois. His family moved to Michigan while he was young.
The Islamic American Relief Agency was a Missouri-based charity. Federal authorities scrutinized the organization for suspected ties to terrorism financing. According to a 2008 indictment, IARA transferred roughly $130,000 to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Hekmatyar is an Afghan figure whom the U.S. government designated a global terrorist with links to al-Qaeda and the Taliban.<ref name="detroit-news" /> The charity was placed on a U.S. Senate Finance Committee list of organizations suspected of funding terrorism.


=== Education ===
On January 16, 2008, federal prosecutors in Missouri indicted Siljander. The original indictment carried multiple counts, including money laundering, conspiracy, and obstruction of justice.<ref name="doj-sen" /> Prosecutors said IARA paid him about $75,000 to lobby for the charity's removal from the Senate list. The lobbying ran from March to May 2004.<ref name="bloomberglaw" />


He earned degrees from Western Michigan University.
Siljander did not report the work as required under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. He also denied to investigators that he had been hired to advocate for the charity. He claimed the payments were charitable donations to support a book he was writing on bridging Islam and Christianity. Prosecutors said that account was false and that he knew it.<ref name="doj-sen" />


== Congressional Career ==
He first pleaded not guilty. The case did not go to trial. In 2010 he reached a plea agreement with the government.


=== Appointment and Election ===
== Plea and Sentencing ==


Siljander was appointed in 1981 to fill a vacancy in Michigan's 4th Congressional District. He won election to the seat in his own right and served three full terms.
On July 7, 2010, Siljander pleaded guilty to two counts. The first was obstruction of justice. The second was acting as an unregistered foreign agent in violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act.<ref name="bloomberglaw" /> The money laundering and conspiracy counts were dropped as part of the agreement.


=== Conservative Record ===
In his plea, Siljander admitted he was paid about $75,000 to lobby for IARA between March and May 2004. He admitted he obstructed justice by denying he was hired for that work and by falsely describing the payments as charitable donations for his book.<ref name="doj-sen" />


One of the most conservative members of the House. That was Siljander's main distinction during his tenure. He was particularly known for his strong opposition to abortion and his advocacy for pro-life causes.
U.S. District Judge Nanette Kay Laughrey sentenced him on January 11, 2012, in Kansas City. The term was one year and one day in federal prison, without parole.<ref name="doj-sen" /><ref name="bloomberglaw" /> The sentence also included supervised release.


=== 1986 Primary Defeat ===
At sentencing, the judge drew a line around the conduct. She said the case "is not a case about somebody aiding a terrorist, it just isn't, and it would be wrong of me to, in fact, try to make it out to be that." She added that there was "no specific harm by the lobbying efforts" he undertook.<ref name="bloomberglaw" />


The 1986 Republican primary brought a challenge from Fred Upton, a more moderate Republican. Upton won. This ended Siljander's congressional career. Upton himself went on to serve in Congress for more than three decades.
Prosecutors framed the conduct differently. U.S. Attorney Beth Phillips said Siljander "engaged in illegal lobbying for a charity suspected of funding international terrorism" and "repeatedly lied to FBI agents and prosecutors investigating serious crimes related to national security."<ref name="doj-sen" />


== Post-Congressional Career ==
Two IARA officials were sentenced in the same matter for transferring funds out of the country.<ref name="doj-sen" />


Siljander moved to Virginia after leaving Congress and worked as a consultant and lobbyist. He also wrote about interfaith dialogue between Christians and Muslims.
Siljander served his sentence. In December 2020, President Donald Trump pardoned him.<ref name="npr">NPR. "Trump Pardons Roger Stone, Paul Manafort And Charles Kushner." December 23, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/23/949820820/trump-pardons-roger-stone-paul-manafort-and-charles-kushner</ref> The White House pointed to his pro-life record in Congress and his charitable work after prison. Several public figures backed the pardon, including former Attorney General Edwin Meese, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, former Governor Mike Huckabee, Representative Robert Aderholt, and pastor Andrew Brunson.<ref name="crains">Crain's Detroit Business. "Former West Michigan Congressman Mark Siljander gets pardon from Trump." December 2020. https://www.crainsdetroit.com/politics/former-west-michigan-congressman-gets-pardon-trump</ref>


== Criminal Case ==
Fred Upton objected. He beat Siljander in 1986 and held the district seat for decades. Upton said he was "beyond disappointed the President used his pardon authority on Mark Siljander, who accepted a plea bargain and lesser charges and still served a year in federal prison after having been indicted with a series of federal crimes including obstruction of justice, money laundering, and lobbying for an international terrorist group with ties to Osama bin Laden, Al Qaeda, and the Taliban."<ref name="detroit-news" />
 
=== The Islamic American Relief Agency ===
 
IARA was a Missouri-based charity that came under federal scrutiny for suspected ties to terrorism. According to a 2008 federal indictment, the charity had transferred approximately $130,000 to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Afghan warlord whom the U.S. government designated as a terrorist with connections to al-Qaeda and the Taliban.<ref name="detroit-news">Detroit News, "Upton: 'Beyond disappointed' with Trump pardon of ex-Michigan congressman," December 2020, https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/12/24/upton-disappointed-trump-pardon-ex-michigan-congressman/4038723001/</ref>
 
=== Indictment ===
 
On January 16, 2008, federal prosecutors indicted Siljander in Missouri on five counts including money laundering, conspiracy, and obstruction of justice. The government alleged that he'd received $75,000 from IARA to advocate for the charity's removal from a Senate Finance Committee list of charities suspected of funding terrorism. They also claimed he then lied to FBI agents and prosecutors about his work for the organization.
 
=== Guilty Plea ===
 
His initial not guilty plea didn't stick. On July 7, 2010, as part of a plea agreement, he pleaded guilty to two counts: obstruction of justice and acting as an unregistered foreign agent. The money laundering charges were dropped.<ref name="crains" />
 
=== Sentencing ===
 
In 2012, U.S. District Judge Nanette Kay Laughrey sentenced him to one year in federal prison and six months of supervised release. At the hearing, she made a striking observation: "Under the circumstances of this case there was no specific harm by the lobbying efforts that you undertook... The truth is, when you look at this objectively, this is not a case about somebody aiding a terrorist, it just isn't, and it would be wrong of me to, in fact, try to make it out to be that."<ref name="crains" />
 
U.S. Attorney Beth Phillips saw things differently. She stated that Siljander "engaged in illegal lobbying for a charity suspected of funding international terrorism" and "repeatedly lied to FBI agents and prosecutors investigating serious crimes related to national security."
 
== Presidential Pardon ==
 
In December 2020, President Donald Trump pardoned Mark Siljander.<ref name="npr">NPR, "Trump Pardons Roger Stone, Paul Manafort And Charles Kushner," December 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/12/23/949820820/trump-pardons-roger-stone-paul-manafort-and-charles-kushner</ref>
 
=== Support for Pardon ===
 
The White House justified the pardon by pointing to Siljander's pro-life record while in Congress and his post-prison work abroad. Several prominent figures backed the decision:
* Former Attorney General Edwin Meese
* Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich
* Former Governor Mike Huckabee
* Representative Robert Aderholt
* Pastor Andrew Brunson
 
=== Criticism ===
 
Fred Upton had a different reaction. The Republican congressman who defeated Siljander in the 1986 primary and represented the same Michigan district for decades sharply criticized the pardon. Upton said: "I am beyond disappointed the President used his pardon authority on Mark Siljander, who accepted a plea bargain and lesser charges and still served a year in federal prison after having been indicted with a series of federal crimes including obstruction of justice, money laundering, and lobbying for an international terrorist group with ties to Osama bin Laden, Al Qaeda, and the Taliban."<ref name="detroit-news" />


== Frequently Asked Questions ==
== Frequently Asked Questions ==
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{{FAQ
{{FAQ
|question = What did Mark Siljander do?
|question = What did Mark Siljander do?
|answer = Siljander was convicted of obstruction of justice and acting as an unregistered foreign agent. The Islamic American Relief Agency paid him $75,000 to lobby for its removal from a federal list of charities suspected of funding terrorism. That charity had been accused of transferring money to figures connected to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. He lied to FBI agents and prosecutors about his activities.<ref name="detroit-news" />
|answer = Siljander pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and to acting as an unregistered foreign agent. The Islamic American Relief Agency paid him about $75,000 to lobby for its removal from a U.S. Senate list of charities suspected of funding terrorism. He did not register as a foreign agent. He then told investigators the money was a charitable donation for a book, which was false.<ref name="doj-sen" />
}}
 
{{FAQ
|question = How long was Mark Siljander's prison sentence?
|answer = U.S. District Judge Nanette Kay Laughrey sentenced him on January 11, 2012, to one year and one day in federal prison, without parole. He served the sentence.<ref name="doj-sen" />
}}
}}


{{FAQ
{{FAQ
|question = Was Mark Siljander pardoned?
|question = What was the Islamic American Relief Agency?
|answer = Yes. President Trump [[Presidential Clemency and Pardons|pardoned]] Siljander in December 2020. Supporting the pardon were Edwin Meese, Newt Gingrich, Mike Huckabee, Robert Aderholt, and Andrew Brunson. The White House cited his pro-life congressional record and post-prison charitable work.<ref name="crains" />
|answer = IARA was a Missouri-based charity. Federal authorities scrutinized it for suspected terrorism financing. A 2008 indictment said it transferred roughly $130,000 to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Afghan figure designated a global terrorist with ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. The charity was placed on a Senate Finance Committee watch list.<ref name="detroit-news" />
}}
}}


{{FAQ
{{FAQ
|question = How long was Mark Siljander's prison sentence?
|question = Was Mark Siljander pardoned?
|answer = In 2012, he was sentenced to one year in federal prison and six months supervised release. The sentencing judge noted the case was "not about somebody aiding a terrorist" and said no specific harm resulted from his lobbying. He served his sentence before receiving the pardon.<ref name="crains" />
|answer = Yes. President Donald Trump [[Presidential Clemency and Pardons|pardoned]] him in December 2020, after he had served his sentence. The White House cited his pro-life congressional record and his charitable work. Supporters included Edwin Meese, Newt Gingrich, Mike Huckabee, Robert Aderholt, and Andrew Brunson.<ref name="crains" />
}}
}}


{{FAQ
{{FAQ
|question = What was Mark Siljander's congressional career?
|question = What was Mark Siljander's congressional career?
|answer = He represented Michigan's 4th District from 1981 to 1987. An initial appointment to fill a vacancy led to election victories. During his tenure, he was known as a strongly conservative, pro-life member. The 1986 Republican primary ended his time in Congress when Fred Upton defeated him, though Upton went on to serve for decades.<ref name="crains" />
|answer = He represented Michigan's 4th congressional district from 1981 to 1987. He entered through an appointment to fill a vacancy, then won the seat in his own right. He was known as a strongly conservative, pro-life member. Fred Upton defeated him in the 1986 Republican primary.<ref name="crains" />
}}
}}


{{FAQ
{{FAQ
|question = Who criticized Mark Siljander's pardon?
|question = Who criticized Mark Siljander's pardon?
|answer = Fred Upton, who beat Siljander in 1986 and succeeded him in Congress, strongly criticized the pardon. Upton said he was "beyond disappointed" and noted Siljander had been "indicted with a series of federal crimes including obstruction of justice, money laundering, and lobbying for an international terrorist group with ties to Osama bin Laden, Al Qaeda, and the Taliban."<ref name="detroit-news" />
|answer = Fred Upton, who beat Siljander in 1986 and succeeded him in Congress, criticized the pardon. Upton said he was "beyond disappointed" and noted Siljander had been indicted on charges including obstruction of justice, money laundering, and lobbying for a group with ties to Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the Taliban.<ref name="detroit-news" />
}}
}}


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* [[Presidential Clemency and Pardons]]
* [[Presidential Clemency and Pardons]]
* [[Politicians]]
* [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]]
* [[Obstruction of Justice]]


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:High-Profile_Federal_Offenders]]
[[Category:High-Profile_Federal_Offenders]]
[[Category:Obstruction of Justice]]
[[Category:Pardoned]]
[[Category:Pardoned]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians]]


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{{MetaDescription|Mark Siljander, former Michigan congressman, was convicted of obstruction and acting as unregistered foreign agent and pardoned by Trump in December 2020.}}

Revision as of 13:41, 3 June 2026

Mark Deli Siljander
Born: June 11, 1951
Chicago, Illinois
Charges: Obstruction of justice, Acting as an unregistered foreign agent
Sentence: One year and one day in federal prison
Facility:
Status: Served sentence; pardoned December 2020


Mark Deli Siljander (born June 11, 1951) is a former United States Representative for Michigan's 4th congressional district. He held the seat from 1981 to 1987. In 2010 he pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and to acting as an unregistered foreign agent. The charges grew out of lobbying work he did for the Islamic American Relief Agency, a Missouri-based charity. IARA paid him about $75,000 to push for its removal from a U.S. Senate Finance Committee list of organizations suspected of funding terrorism.[1] He told investigators the money was a charitable donation to help him write a book. That was false. A federal judge in Kansas City sentenced him on January 11, 2012, to one year and one day in prison.[2] He served the sentence. In December 2020, President Donald Trump pardoned him. The pardon drew criticism from former Republican Congressman Fred Upton, who had defeated Siljander in the 1986 primary.[3]

Political Career

Siljander was born June 11, 1951, in Chicago. His family moved to Michigan when he was young. He earned degrees from Western Michigan University.

He entered Congress in 1981. An appointment filled a vacancy in Michigan's 4th congressional district. He then won the seat in his own right and served three terms. His record placed him among the most conservative members of the House. He was a vocal opponent of abortion and an advocate for pro-life causes.

The 1986 Republican primary ended his time in office. Fred Upton, a more moderate Republican, challenged him and won. Upton went on to hold the same district seat for more than three decades.

After leaving Congress, Siljander moved to Virginia. He worked as a consultant and lobbyist. He also wrote about interfaith dialogue between Christians and Muslims. His later legal trouble came out of this lobbying work.

The Case

The Islamic American Relief Agency was a Missouri-based charity. Federal authorities scrutinized the organization for suspected ties to terrorism financing. According to a 2008 indictment, IARA transferred roughly $130,000 to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Hekmatyar is an Afghan figure whom the U.S. government designated a global terrorist with links to al-Qaeda and the Taliban.[3] The charity was placed on a U.S. Senate Finance Committee list of organizations suspected of funding terrorism.

On January 16, 2008, federal prosecutors in Missouri indicted Siljander. The original indictment carried multiple counts, including money laundering, conspiracy, and obstruction of justice.[1] Prosecutors said IARA paid him about $75,000 to lobby for the charity's removal from the Senate list. The lobbying ran from March to May 2004.[2]

Siljander did not report the work as required under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. He also denied to investigators that he had been hired to advocate for the charity. He claimed the payments were charitable donations to support a book he was writing on bridging Islam and Christianity. Prosecutors said that account was false and that he knew it.[1]

He first pleaded not guilty. The case did not go to trial. In 2010 he reached a plea agreement with the government.

Plea and Sentencing

On July 7, 2010, Siljander pleaded guilty to two counts. The first was obstruction of justice. The second was acting as an unregistered foreign agent in violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act.[2] The money laundering and conspiracy counts were dropped as part of the agreement.

In his plea, Siljander admitted he was paid about $75,000 to lobby for IARA between March and May 2004. He admitted he obstructed justice by denying he was hired for that work and by falsely describing the payments as charitable donations for his book.[1]

U.S. District Judge Nanette Kay Laughrey sentenced him on January 11, 2012, in Kansas City. The term was one year and one day in federal prison, without parole.[1][2] The sentence also included supervised release.

At sentencing, the judge drew a line around the conduct. She said the case "is not a case about somebody aiding a terrorist, it just isn't, and it would be wrong of me to, in fact, try to make it out to be that." She added that there was "no specific harm by the lobbying efforts" he undertook.[2]

Prosecutors framed the conduct differently. U.S. Attorney Beth Phillips said Siljander "engaged in illegal lobbying for a charity suspected of funding international terrorism" and "repeatedly lied to FBI agents and prosecutors investigating serious crimes related to national security."[1]

Two IARA officials were sentenced in the same matter for transferring funds out of the country.[1]

Siljander served his sentence. In December 2020, President Donald Trump pardoned him.[4] The White House pointed to his pro-life record in Congress and his charitable work after prison. Several public figures backed the pardon, including former Attorney General Edwin Meese, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, former Governor Mike Huckabee, Representative Robert Aderholt, and pastor Andrew Brunson.[5]

Fred Upton objected. He beat Siljander in 1986 and held the district seat for decades. Upton said he was "beyond disappointed the President used his pardon authority on Mark Siljander, who accepted a plea bargain and lesser charges and still served a year in federal prison after having been indicted with a series of federal crimes including obstruction of justice, money laundering, and lobbying for an international terrorist group with ties to Osama bin Laden, Al Qaeda, and the Taliban."[3]

Frequently Asked Questions


Q: What did Mark Siljander do?

Siljander pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and to acting as an unregistered foreign agent. The Islamic American Relief Agency paid him about $75,000 to lobby for its removal from a U.S. Senate list of charities suspected of funding terrorism. He did not register as a foreign agent. He then told investigators the money was a charitable donation for a book, which was false.[1]



Q: How long was Mark Siljander's prison sentence?

U.S. District Judge Nanette Kay Laughrey sentenced him on January 11, 2012, to one year and one day in federal prison, without parole. He served the sentence.[1]



Q: What was the Islamic American Relief Agency?

IARA was a Missouri-based charity. Federal authorities scrutinized it for suspected terrorism financing. A 2008 indictment said it transferred roughly $130,000 to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Afghan figure designated a global terrorist with ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. The charity was placed on a Senate Finance Committee watch list.[3]



Q: Was Mark Siljander pardoned?

Yes. President Donald Trump pardoned him in December 2020, after he had served his sentence. The White House cited his pro-life congressional record and his charitable work. Supporters included Edwin Meese, Newt Gingrich, Mike Huckabee, Robert Aderholt, and Andrew Brunson.[5]



Q: What was Mark Siljander's congressional career?

He represented Michigan's 4th congressional district from 1981 to 1987. He entered through an appointment to fill a vacancy, then won the seat in his own right. He was known as a strongly conservative, pro-life member. Fred Upton defeated him in the 1986 Republican primary.[5]



Q: Who criticized Mark Siljander's pardon?

Fred Upton, who beat Siljander in 1986 and succeeded him in Congress, criticized the pardon. Upton said he was "beyond disappointed" and noted Siljander had been indicted on charges including obstruction of justice, money laundering, and lobbying for a group with ties to Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the Taliban.[3]


See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of Missouri. "Former Islamic American Relief Agency Officials, Mark Siljander Sentenced." January 11, 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Bloomberg Law. "Former Rep. Siljander Gets Year in Jail for Obstruction, Acting as Foreign Agent." January 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Detroit News. "Upton: 'Beyond disappointed' with Trump pardon of ex-Michigan congressman." December 2020. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/12/24/upton-disappointed-trump-pardon-ex-michigan-congressman/4038723001/
  4. ↑ NPR. "Trump Pardons Roger Stone, Paul Manafort And Charles Kushner." December 23, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/23/949820820/trump-pardons-roger-stone-paul-manafort-and-charles-kushner
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Crain's Detroit Business. "Former West Michigan Congressman Mark Siljander gets pardon from Trump." December 2020. https://www.crainsdetroit.com/politics/former-west-michigan-congressman-gets-pardon-trump


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